What Was the Great Leap Forward

The Great Leap Forward was a push by Mao Zedong to change China from a predominantly agrarian (farming) society to a modern, industrial society—in just five years. It was an impossible goal, of course, but Mao had the power to force the worlds largest society to try. The results, unfortunately, were catastrophic. What Mao Intended Between 1958 and 1960, millions of Chinese citizens were moved onto communes. Some were sent to farming cooperatives, while others worked in small manufacturing. All work was shared on the communes; from childcare to cooking, daily tasks were collectivized. Children were taken from their parents and put into large childcare centers to be tended to by workers assigned that task. Mao hoped to increase Chinas agricultural output while also pulling workers from agriculture into the manufacturing sector. He relied, however, on nonsensical Soviet farming ideas, such as planting crops very close together so that the stems could support one another and plowing up to six feet deep to encourage root growth. These farming strategies damaged countless acres of farmland and dropped crop yields, rather than producing more food with fewer farmers. Mao also wanted to free China from the need to import steel and machinery. He encouraged people to set up backyard steel furnaces, where citizens could turn scrap metal into usable steel. Families had to meet quotas for steel production, so in desperation, they often melted down useful items such as  their own pots, pans, and farm implements. With hindsight, the results were predictably bad. Backyard smelters run by peasants with no metallurgy training produced such low-quality material that it was completely worthless. Was the Great Leap Really Forward? Over just a few years, the Great Leap Forward also caused massive environmental damage in China. The backyard steel production plan resulted in entire forests being chopped down and burned to fuel the smelters, which left the land open to erosion. Dense cropping and deep plowing stripped the farmland of nutrients  and left the agricultural soil  vulnerable to erosion as well.   The first autumn of the Great Leap Forward, in 1958,  came with a bumper crop in many areas, because the soil was not yet exhausted. However, so many farmers had been sent into steel production work that there werent enough hands to harvest the crops. Food rotted in the fields. A crowd of citizens push toward government station selling rice very cheap. Bettmann/Getty Images   Anxious commune leaders vastly exaggerated their harvests, hoping to curry favor with the Communist leadership. However, this plan backfired in a tragic fashion. As a result of the exaggerations, party officials carried off most of the food to serve as the cities share of the harvest, leaving the farmers with nothing to eat. People in the countryside began to starve. The next year, the Yellow River flooded, killing 2 million people either by drowning or by starvation after crop failures. In 1960, a widespread drought added to the nations misery. The Consequences In the end, through a combination of disastrous economic policy and adverse weather conditions, an estimated 20 to 48 million people died in China. Most of the victims starved to death in the countryside.  The official death toll from the Great Leap Forward is only 14 million, but the majority of scholars agree that this is a substantial underestimate. The Great Leap Forward was supposed to be a five-year plan, but it was called off after just three tragic years. The period between 1958 and 1960 is known as the Three Bitter Years in China. It had political repercussions for Mao Zedong as well. As the originator of the disaster, he ended up being sidelined from power until 1967, when he called for the Cultural Revolution. Sources and Further Reading Bachman, David. Bureaucracy, Economy, and Leadership in China: The Institutional Origins of the Great Leap Forward. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.  Keane, Michael. Created in China: The Great Leap Forward. London: Routledge, 2007.  Thaxton, Ralph A. Jr. Catastrophe and Contention in Rural China: Maos Great Leap Forward. Famine and the Origins of Righteous Resistance in Da Fo Village. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.  Dikà ¶tter, Frank, and John Wagner Givens. Maos Great Famine: The History of Chinas Most Devastating Catastrophe 1958-62. London: Macat Library, 2017.

What Is Ecological Theory Of Crime And Does It Have Any...

What is ecological theory of crime and does it have any practical applications? The ecological theory of crime, also known as social disorganisation of crime is a theory used to describe the difference in crime in association with physical environmental factors such as cultural and structural factors. In the 1970’s and 1980’s the term ‘environmental criminology’ was used until it became associated with environmental issues. This theory can also be defined as a positivist theory because it seeks to find out about human behaviour. For the ecological theory the causes of crime for example are found in the way of the physical environment, where people live and socially interact. This is what creates the conditions for criminal and non-criminal behaviour. The research into the theory of social disorganisation is a vast subject rich with research stemming from the 17th century, thus making it a complicated subject to analyse since there are so many sources to draw from. Research into social disorganisation started with plant and the urban change which led to many different fields like environmental criminology (Brantingham and Brantingham, 1981). French research done by Warming (1909) into plant biology found that plants live in communities with varying states. He found that communities with predominately the same species have more competition with nature than with each other, communities with several different species however competed for limited resources more amongShow MoreRelatedEssay about Study Guide for Socio 120 Final Exam6246 Words   |  25 Pages * Horizontal Mobility Change that does involve changes in monetary rewards. * Intergenerational mobility Inter: in between, generation: 30 years Refers to changes that have occurred between generations. This is when you compare yourself to your parents. * Intra-generational mobility Intra: within Refers to changes that have occurred within one generation, or within ones lifetime. 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Antigone As Drama Essay Example For Students

Antigone As Drama Essay Antigone, is the drama written by Sohpocles. There is still a great debate on who is the true tragic hero in Sophocles Antigone, Creon or Antigone. Many people believes that it must be Antigone, herself. This is because Antigone is an outstanding example of someone who did what she thought was right, while she was among fools, many hardships, and people who were discouragingly uncourageous. When the king Creon ordered that the body of Polyneices, Antigones brother, be left to rot unburied because he had died as a traitor, she tried to buried him even she knew that she would be punished. She believed that a dead persons soul could not rest if that persons body was not buried so she chooses to challenge a powerful Creon, the king of Thebes in order to let her brother rest peacefully. This presents a huge problem for Antigone; she feels she must obey the laws of the gods and bury her brother, but the penalty would be earthly death. To me, Antigone is a hero, what she did for her brother was very respectful, not many could have the strength to do so in the same situation. However, I believe the true tragic hero in Sophocles Antigone is Creon, not Antigone. Creon, as king of Thebes, is at the top of the social ladder. Yet, not only is he king, he is also human and possesses frailties, which qualify him to make serious mistakes, and he possesses talents, which allow him also to excel. Hence, Creon is neither overly good nor bad. Appropriately, Creons station as king place shim in a position of great power, influence and responsibility. The extent of this power was quite evident when he sentenced Antigone to death for disobeying his proclamation. Creons tragic flaw was his hubris or his pride and arrogance in the face of divine powers. His downfall began when he denied the basic divine right of burial to Polyneices and was cemented when he condemned Antigone for her opposition to his law. When one closely examines Antigones reasons for burying her brother, it becomes clear that she was simply demonstrating her love, honor, and loyalty to her family. However, the reason that Creon is angered is that he feels injured and insulted that Antigone flagrantly and publicly disobeyed him. He was additionally inflamed that she was his niece and betrothed to his son, Haemon. Historically, when especially a woman threatens a mans authority,, his self-esteem is irreparably damaged. But he tired to fix the mistakes that he had made even he is a great king. The whole play is sad, it is make viewers feel anger and respectful. I do respect Antigone, but personally I respect Croen more since he is the king. With his such high position, he could still responsibly for his wrong actions.

Anais Nin. Diary 1931-1934 gg. Stories Review Essay Example

Anais Nin. Diary 1931-1934 gg. Stories Review Paper Essay on Anais Nin. Diary 1931-1934 gg. Stories Diary by American writer Anais Nin, who lived a long time in Paris and has a close relationship with Henry Miller, can be an excellent complement to his work. The diary describes in detail the time spent in the company of the writer and other creative intelligentsia of Paris 30s. Their problems and troubles seem suschimi trifles compared with what will soon be so many to survive with the advent of Nazism. From reading Anais Nin becomes clear that she was one of the mistresses of Henry Miller, which is naturally told on the pages Diary. Leafing through it, imagine how this poor woman rushes through Paris, torn between her love for her husband and lust for this little bald little man. But not only him. One of the heroes of the Diary Otto Rank, known at that time the analyst, the disciple and faithful friend of Freud, psychoanalysis conducted with the writer. This treatment is gradually turned into a kind of love relationships. The very open blog so how frank he conceived to make the writer. With all the documentary, we should not forget that he still a work of art, probably originally conceived by the author for publication We will write a custom essay sample on Anais Nin. Diary 1931-1934 gg. Stories Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Anais Nin. Diary 1931-1934 gg. Stories Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Anais Nin. Diary 1931-1934 gg. Stories Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Connoisseurs Miller creativity in the Diary will find many new details of his biography, will be able to look at. creative cuisine writer and witness how he worked on some of their works, discuss them with friends, trusted their proofreading Anais Nin. The publication of Diary has as a kind of calendar application. It is called The Diary of Anais Nin in the context of history and covers the period from November to December 1931 by October 1934. In the calendar marked major milestones in the biography of Anais Nin, far-fetched to the events in Western literature, culture, science and world history as a whole.