What Was the Great Leap Forward

The Great Leap Forward was a push by Mao Zedong to change China from a predominantly agrarian (farming) society to a modern, industrial society—in just five years. It was an impossible goal, of course, but Mao had the power to force the worlds largest society to try. The results, unfortunately, were catastrophic. What Mao Intended Between 1958 and 1960, millions of Chinese citizens were moved onto communes. Some were sent to farming cooperatives, while others worked in small manufacturing. All work was shared on the communes; from childcare to cooking, daily tasks were collectivized. Children were taken from their parents and put into large childcare centers to be tended to by workers assigned that task. Mao hoped to increase Chinas agricultural output while also pulling workers from agriculture into the manufacturing sector. He relied, however, on nonsensical Soviet farming ideas, such as planting crops very close together so that the stems could support one another and plowing up to six feet deep to encourage root growth. These farming strategies damaged countless acres of farmland and dropped crop yields, rather than producing more food with fewer farmers. Mao also wanted to free China from the need to import steel and machinery. He encouraged people to set up backyard steel furnaces, where citizens could turn scrap metal into usable steel. Families had to meet quotas for steel production, so in desperation, they often melted down useful items such as  their own pots, pans, and farm implements. With hindsight, the results were predictably bad. Backyard smelters run by peasants with no metallurgy training produced such low-quality material that it was completely worthless. Was the Great Leap Really Forward? Over just a few years, the Great Leap Forward also caused massive environmental damage in China. The backyard steel production plan resulted in entire forests being chopped down and burned to fuel the smelters, which left the land open to erosion. Dense cropping and deep plowing stripped the farmland of nutrients  and left the agricultural soil  vulnerable to erosion as well.   The first autumn of the Great Leap Forward, in 1958,  came with a bumper crop in many areas, because the soil was not yet exhausted. However, so many farmers had been sent into steel production work that there werent enough hands to harvest the crops. Food rotted in the fields. A crowd of citizens push toward government station selling rice very cheap. Bettmann/Getty Images   Anxious commune leaders vastly exaggerated their harvests, hoping to curry favor with the Communist leadership. However, this plan backfired in a tragic fashion. As a result of the exaggerations, party officials carried off most of the food to serve as the cities share of the harvest, leaving the farmers with nothing to eat. People in the countryside began to starve. The next year, the Yellow River flooded, killing 2 million people either by drowning or by starvation after crop failures. In 1960, a widespread drought added to the nations misery. The Consequences In the end, through a combination of disastrous economic policy and adverse weather conditions, an estimated 20 to 48 million people died in China. Most of the victims starved to death in the countryside.  The official death toll from the Great Leap Forward is only 14 million, but the majority of scholars agree that this is a substantial underestimate. The Great Leap Forward was supposed to be a five-year plan, but it was called off after just three tragic years. The period between 1958 and 1960 is known as the Three Bitter Years in China. It had political repercussions for Mao Zedong as well. As the originator of the disaster, he ended up being sidelined from power until 1967, when he called for the Cultural Revolution. Sources and Further Reading Bachman, David. Bureaucracy, Economy, and Leadership in China: The Institutional Origins of the Great Leap Forward. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.  Keane, Michael. Created in China: The Great Leap Forward. London: Routledge, 2007.  Thaxton, Ralph A. Jr. Catastrophe and Contention in Rural China: Maos Great Leap Forward. Famine and the Origins of Righteous Resistance in Da Fo Village. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.  Dikà ¶tter, Frank, and John Wagner Givens. Maos Great Famine: The History of Chinas Most Devastating Catastrophe 1958-62. London: Macat Library, 2017.

What Is Ecological Theory Of Crime And Does It Have Any...

What is ecological theory of crime and does it have any practical applications? The ecological theory of crime, also known as social disorganisation of crime is a theory used to describe the difference in crime in association with physical environmental factors such as cultural and structural factors. In the 1970’s and 1980’s the term ‘environmental criminology’ was used until it became associated with environmental issues. This theory can also be defined as a positivist theory because it seeks to find out about human behaviour. For the ecological theory the causes of crime for example are found in the way of the physical environment, where people live and socially interact. This is what creates the conditions for criminal and non-criminal behaviour. The research into the theory of social disorganisation is a vast subject rich with research stemming from the 17th century, thus making it a complicated subject to analyse since there are so many sources to draw from. Research into social disorganisation started with plant and the urban change which led to many different fields like environmental criminology (Brantingham and Brantingham, 1981). French research done by Warming (1909) into plant biology found that plants live in communities with varying states. He found that communities with predominately the same species have more competition with nature than with each other, communities with several different species however competed for limited resources more amongShow MoreRelatedEssay about Study Guide for Socio 120 Final Exam6246 Words   |  25 Pages * Horizontal Mobility Change that does involve changes in monetary rewards. * Intergenerational mobility Inter: in between, generation: 30 years Refers to changes that have occurred between generations. This is when you compare yourself to your parents. * Intra-generational mobility Intra: within Refers to changes that have occurred within one generation, or within ones lifetime. Read Morecriminology in kenya3603 Words   |  15 PagesAS CRIME UNLESS THERE IS . EXPLAIN AN ASSET DURKHEIMS THEORY ON CRIME AND CRIME CAUSATION. STUDENT ID NO :12S01ALLB009 NAME : WACHIRA ANNE WANGUI DATE DUE :8/4/2014 [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] TABLE OF CONTENTS.INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 OVERVIEW DURKHEIM’S THEORY ON CRIME†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MorePrinciples and Practices of Management6031 Words   |  25 PagesMANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS- Organising Organising is the process of linking and arranging activities in a sequence. It includes allocating work, authority and resources. 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In an online site titled â€Å"STD Toolkit: Indonesian Case StudiesRead MoreTraditional African Family19679 Words   |  79 Pagesand HOLBORN Sociology LESSON PLANS BY LESLEY CLARK Sociology teachers and students have relied on Sociology Themes and Perspectives for over twenty years. The coverage of theories and research in each subsequent edition has been unrivalled for accuracy and detail. These lesson plans aim to provide guidance on using the sixth edition of Sociology Themes and Perspectives in a teaching context by offering practical classroom support for teachers. Three lesson plans are provided for each chapter. OneRead MoreThe Importance of Demography to Development11868 Words   |  48 Pagesin nature. Since the late 1970s, many sociologists have tried to make the discipline useful for non-academic purposes. 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Antigone As Drama Essay Example For Students

Antigone As Drama Essay Antigone, is the drama written by Sohpocles. There is still a great debate on who is the true tragic hero in Sophocles Antigone, Creon or Antigone. Many people believes that it must be Antigone, herself. This is because Antigone is an outstanding example of someone who did what she thought was right, while she was among fools, many hardships, and people who were discouragingly uncourageous. When the king Creon ordered that the body of Polyneices, Antigones brother, be left to rot unburied because he had died as a traitor, she tried to buried him even she knew that she would be punished. She believed that a dead persons soul could not rest if that persons body was not buried so she chooses to challenge a powerful Creon, the king of Thebes in order to let her brother rest peacefully. This presents a huge problem for Antigone; she feels she must obey the laws of the gods and bury her brother, but the penalty would be earthly death. To me, Antigone is a hero, what she did for her brother was very respectful, not many could have the strength to do so in the same situation. However, I believe the true tragic hero in Sophocles Antigone is Creon, not Antigone. Creon, as king of Thebes, is at the top of the social ladder. Yet, not only is he king, he is also human and possesses frailties, which qualify him to make serious mistakes, and he possesses talents, which allow him also to excel. Hence, Creon is neither overly good nor bad. Appropriately, Creons station as king place shim in a position of great power, influence and responsibility. The extent of this power was quite evident when he sentenced Antigone to death for disobeying his proclamation. Creons tragic flaw was his hubris or his pride and arrogance in the face of divine powers. His downfall began when he denied the basic divine right of burial to Polyneices and was cemented when he condemned Antigone for her opposition to his law. When one closely examines Antigones reasons for burying her brother, it becomes clear that she was simply demonstrating her love, honor, and loyalty to her family. However, the reason that Creon is angered is that he feels injured and insulted that Antigone flagrantly and publicly disobeyed him. He was additionally inflamed that she was his niece and betrothed to his son, Haemon. Historically, when especially a woman threatens a mans authority,, his self-esteem is irreparably damaged. But he tired to fix the mistakes that he had made even he is a great king. The whole play is sad, it is make viewers feel anger and respectful. I do respect Antigone, but personally I respect Croen more since he is the king. With his such high position, he could still responsibly for his wrong actions.

Anais Nin. Diary 1931-1934 gg. Stories Review Essay Example

Anais Nin. Diary 1931-1934 gg. Stories Review Paper Essay on Anais Nin. Diary 1931-1934 gg. Stories Diary by American writer Anais Nin, who lived a long time in Paris and has a close relationship with Henry Miller, can be an excellent complement to his work. The diary describes in detail the time spent in the company of the writer and other creative intelligentsia of Paris 30s. Their problems and troubles seem suschimi trifles compared with what will soon be so many to survive with the advent of Nazism. From reading Anais Nin becomes clear that she was one of the mistresses of Henry Miller, which is naturally told on the pages Diary. Leafing through it, imagine how this poor woman rushes through Paris, torn between her love for her husband and lust for this little bald little man. But not only him. One of the heroes of the Diary Otto Rank, known at that time the analyst, the disciple and faithful friend of Freud, psychoanalysis conducted with the writer. This treatment is gradually turned into a kind of love relationships. The very open blog so how frank he conceived to make the writer. With all the documentary, we should not forget that he still a work of art, probably originally conceived by the author for publication We will write a custom essay sample on Anais Nin. Diary 1931-1934 gg. Stories Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Anais Nin. Diary 1931-1934 gg. Stories Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Anais Nin. Diary 1931-1934 gg. Stories Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Connoisseurs Miller creativity in the Diary will find many new details of his biography, will be able to look at. creative cuisine writer and witness how he worked on some of their works, discuss them with friends, trusted their proofreading Anais Nin. The publication of Diary has as a kind of calendar application. It is called The Diary of Anais Nin in the context of history and covers the period from November to December 1931 by October 1934. In the calendar marked major milestones in the biography of Anais Nin, far-fetched to the events in Western literature, culture, science and world history as a whole.

Inventions and Discoveries

Introduction Invention can be defined as a final result of imagination which could have originated from a mere conception or from experimental researches. Discovery on the other hand is initial or primary acquisition of a given idea or information by an individual.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inventions and Discoveries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As invention gives credit to the person who performed the act as the actual source of the conception, discovery is a credit to any other person who comes across an idea for the first time with respect to himself or herself. Invention is therefore a special primary discovery. This paper seeks to discuss some of the significant discoveries that were made as a result of the inventions of the telescope and the microscope. The paper will look into the history of the discoveries and their effects in the development of the human well beings as well as the enha ncement of the human understanding of the surrounding nature in terms of changing the traditions and the society. Discoveries due to Invention of the Microscope The invention of microscope occurred in the sixteenth century. Believed to have been invented in Netherlands, the technology of the microscope was developed over time by the improvement on the lenses and other features of the microscope. Some of the significant discoveries made through the use of microscopes include the discovery of yeast fungus by Louis Pasteur and the discovery of cells that led to the cell theory (Microscopy, n.d). The Discovery of Yeast Fungus The discovery of yeast fungus is attributed to Louis Pasteur who was a French national. Born in the year 1822, Louis was schooled to advanced levels of education even though most of his teachers didn’t think of him as worth the higher levels of education. Louis Pasteur was the first personality to lay down the foundation of fermentation. He illustrated in hi s discovery the process by which yeast aids the process in which alcohol can be obtained from sugar. In his discovery, Louis disapproved the initial perception that the process of brewing alcohol from sugar was a purely a chemical process rather than a biological process.Advertising Looking for research paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the discovery, he demonstrated that yeast is living organisms that can undertake a process of anaerobic respiration that yields fermentation (Science, 2011). The discovery made by Louis that established yeast as the driving engine behind the brewing of alcohol changed the traditional perception that the brewing process was chemical. It had been previously assumed and believed that the process of brewing alcohol was primarily a chemical reaction. The assumption of the chemical process in the conversion of sugar into alcohol subsequently covered a lot of risks that alcohol expo sed people to as a result of its bacterial components. In the discovery, it was realized that the fermentation process was infested by a number of disease causing micro organisms that included bacteria, fungi and a number of yeast species. As a result of the presence of disease causing organism in the fermentation process, steps were taken by another scientist to eliminate these organisms from yeast. The success of this elimination strategy allowed for a brewing process that was free from the micro organisms apart from the yeast. There were further studies and successes in the refining of the fermentation process which was fueled by Louis’ discovery of the yeast as the basis of fermentation. The move saw the development of the brewing industry and the elimination of disease causing organisms as components of alcohol. By so doing, the discovery by Louis improved the welfare of people by setting a stage upon which their health was taken care of. The elimination of the bacteria and the other organisms from yeast and further developments of the brewing process had the positive effects of eliminating the diseases and medical complications that were caused by these micro organisms. The discovery of the yeast further led to development of the knowledge of the biological sector of micro organisms and the subject of anaerobic respiration (Khachatourians and Arora, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inventions and Discoveries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Discovery of Cells and the Cell Theory The discovery of cells was made by an English man called Robert Hook. Hook, after designing and upon using a microscope, made an observation in 1665 of substances whose composition he expressed as numerous little boxes. He named the little boxes as cells derived from the Latin meaning of â€Å"little room†. The discovery made by Hook broke the traditional belief that had exist ed among people that human body is one whole and uniform substance. Hook on the contrary brought people to the realization that a human body is made up of small tiny substances called cells. It has further been established that cells are the primary building elements of organisms (Crown, 2003). The discovery of cells, after a number of studies led to the establishment of the cell theory. The concept of the cell theory explained that â€Å"organisms are composed of similar units of organization called cells† (Meisler, 2006, p. 1). Having its history from as early as 1838, the theory described the cell as distinct element with its own features and as a component of a bigger structure which is the organism. The cell theory established the facts that living organisms are composed of these elementary cells, that the cells in the organisms are both structural elements and functional components of the organisms; cells are genetic with features that are transmitted during cell divisi on and that the cells have similar composition. The establishment of the cell theory, however, originates from the discovery of cells by Hook which was facilitated by the invention of the microscope. The discovery of cells refuted the earlier perception that the body organs were a uniform mass of substance. The discovery on the contrary illustrated that the structural organs of organisms are composed of small cells that together forms the organs or body parts. The discovery subsequently led the advancement of knowledge through further discoveries and studies about cells and the organs that they form. The extension of the discovery and the study of the cells to the discovery and study of the nucleus by Brown and the further exploration of the components of cell, types of cells such as the reproductive cells and the DNA cells have been explorations in the subject of biology. The study of the human anatomy which also originated from the discovery of cells has led to discoveries and imp rovement of human health through discovery of medicines that help in preserving human health. The cell discovery though a small ancient innovation, has developed to be the core of human health (Meisler, 2006).Advertising Looking for research paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Discoveries due to the Invention Telescope The invention of the telescope is, according Fowler (n.d.), officially attributed Galileo. The invention was formerly made by a man called Roger Bacon who failed to obtain a patent for his invention on the grounds that his innovation was too simple and could be easily reproduced. Galileo then later in his experiments discovered an improvement on the knowledge that pre existed. In his innovation, Galileo realized that the magnifying power highly depended on the ratio of the strengths of two lenses used in the system, the concave and the convex lenses. After his discovery and modifications, Galileo was granted tenure over the developments (Fowler, n.d.). The Dark Energy The invention of telescope opened the universe for study by astrologists. With a clearer and better view of the universe by aid of the telescope, many discoveries have since been made about the features of the universe and the changes that are taking place. One of the stunning discoveries made was the observation of the dark energy. Dark energy is a feature of the space. According to NASA (n.d.), the dark energy is exerting an effective force that is greatly accelerating the expansion of the universe. The discovery of the dark energy and the expansion of the universe posed a challenge to the previous theory of gravitational force. Under the theory of force of gravity, there would be no expansion of the universe as the force exerts an attraction towards the center. This discovery of the dark matter has further triggered the study into the universe by casting doubts on the centrifugal theory (NASA, n.d.). Walker (2010) expressed the fear that the extensiveness and totality of the dark energy in the universe which has a negative implication on the strength of the gravitational force yields a reason for worry. He recounted that scientists consider the dark energy to be a threat to the universe, though they estimate that the universe still has billions of yea rs of existence. The discovery is greatly developing the understanding of the state of the universe as more effort is being made to understand the effects of the dark energy. The dark energy is still more of a mystery but could turn out to be advantageous or dangerous to the welfare of people. More of its nature and effects are yet to be discovered (Walker, 2010). Planetary Nebulae The planetary nebulae have their history of discovery dating from the eighteenth century. The name nebula was accorded to these matters owing to their similarities to the color of Uranus and Neptune. The nebulae are gaseous substances with a fuzzy view and a recognized level of symmetry (Kwok, 2007). Their discovery added to the richness of the study of the universe. The ability to identify and view planetary nebulae was basically due to the existence of the telescope that has exposed the universe to exploration. Their discovery further led to advanced study that led to the revelation of how they are form ed, their properties and their distribution. The discovery can therefore be similarly credited with enhancement of human knowledge of the universe in general, and that about the planetary nebulae in particular. The knowledge of the formation of the planetary nebulae for example illustrates that evolution of a star leads to emission of a great wind. An instability created in the process leads to the breakage of the outer layer of the star. This results in hot substances that can then be seen as a glowing disc. An important idea noted about the planetary nebulae is the fact that they are reabsorbed into the â€Å"interstellar medium†. This means that the emissions in the process of the formation of the nebulae do not spread to the earth. This has a significant importance to the general inhabitants of the earth considering the fact that some of the foreign emissions into the earth’s atmosphere are normally dangerous with adverse side effects. An illustrative example is th e harmful ultra violet radiations into the atmosphere. The knowledge of the reabsorbing these emissions into their systems is a relief that builds confidence in people concerning their safety and welfare on earth. The discovery of the planetary nebulae has therefore promoted the development of knowledge through furthering studies and invention as well as stabilizing fears of external threats to the earth’s atmosphere (Darling, n.d.). Conclusion The world of discoveries and inventions has been in existence for over centuries. The inventions have been diverse covering both theories and instruments. The discoveries and inventions are on their merits spontaneous processes with one step leading to a chain of further discoveries and inventions. An illustration is seen in the invention of the telescope and the microscope that further led to discoveries of elements like the brewing process, the cell theory, the dark matter as well as the planetary nebulae of the space. These discover ies have in one way or the other developed the human knowledge by furthering studies and as well enhanced the well being of people either socially or in terms of health. References Crown. (2003). The discovery of cells. Strengthening Teaching and Learning of Cells. Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=tsource=webcd=6ved=0CFUQFjAFurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.school-portal.co.uk%2FGroupDownloadFile.asp%3FGroupId%3D20629%26ResourceId%3D184101rct=jq=discovery%20of%20cellsei=OjiCTdelPI3W4gb8yvyACQusg=AFQjCNFNfuZDr4M94GIIv9XIXZxe2guWLgcad=rja Darling, D. ( n.d.). Planetary nebula. David darling Info. Retrieved from: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/P/planneb.html Fowler, M. (n.d.). Galileo and the Telescope. University of Virginia. Retrieved from: http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/lectures/galtel.htm Khachatourians, G. and Arora, K. (2002). Agriculture and Food Production, Volume 2. Netherlands: Elsevier. Kwok, S. (2007). Planetary nebulae. ScholarPedia. Retrieved f rom: http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Planetary_nebulae Meisler, C. (2006). Cell Theory and Cell Organelles. Bemidjistate. Retrieved from: http://www.bemidjistate.edu/academics/departments/science/k12-science-units/Celll-theoy-and-organelles-biology.pdf Microscopy. (n.d.). The history of the microscope. Microscopy. Retrieved from: http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/intro/histo.html NASA. (n.d.). Dark energy, dark matter. Science NASA. Retrieved from: http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy/ Science. (2011). Louis Pasteur. All About Science. Retrieved from: http://www.allaboutscience.org/louis-pasteur-faq.htm Walker, L. (2010). Will Dark Energy Destroy the Earth? Retrieved from: http://www.ucg.org/commentary/will-dark-energy-destroy-earth.htm This research paper on Inventions and Discoveries was written and submitted by user Paula E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Journal response Essays - Cinema Of The United States, Literature

Journal response Essays - Cinema Of The United States, Literature Journal response Changes in Jem: Jeremy Atticus Finch, also known as Jem, is the older and more mature brother of Scout (the book narrator). The book shows him beginning the journey of reaching his adolescence. As Jem still remembers and grieves his deceased mother, he can sometimes have days where he sits alone and is deep in thought forgetting the world around him. On these days, he is best left alone. Jem talks a lot about people and has a very active imagination. An example of this, is when Dill arrives, he describe s Boo Radley as a monster He dined on raw squirrels and any cats he could catch, that's why his hands were blood-stainedif you ate an animal raw, you could never wash the blood off. There was a long-jagged scar that ran across his face; what teeth he had were yellow and rotten; his eyes popped, and he drooled most of the time". O f course Dill and Scout beli e ve d everything he said , as he is the oldest, and knows everything'. As Jem gets older, he want s t o be more mature and to be treated like a man, not a child. He is less imaginative and doesn't want to be associated with children. He begins to see what is happening around him, and grows worried for his father, Atticus, and sees that life isn't fair. He states himself as a grown up, saying " it's different with grown-ups , we". This shows that he is starting to see himself as a grown up as well. He also changes by beginning to understand other people. "Scout I' m beginning to u nderstand something . I think I'm beginning to understand why Boo Radley stayed shut up in his house all the time it's because he wants to stay inside". Jem starts understanding that people have a choice in what they want , and realises that Boo can do what he pleases. Jem's maturity grow even mor e during and after the Tom Robinson trial. He was very angry that Tom was accused guilty and he thought that there wasn't enough evidence to charge an innocent man (Jem wanted to become a lawyer one day). The trial made him realised that life can be cruel. Changes in Scout: Jean Louise Finch, also known as Scout, has always been the outgoing and inquisitive child of the two. She is a tomboy and would prefer to wear overalls, than wear a dress and be lady. Scout is very quick tempered and starts fights for the simplest reasons. The book begins with her starting school and her learning the hardships of school. She is told that she has been wrongly taught to read and write , which deeply upsets her and make s her want to drop school. She is also told off for sticking up for other children in her year . Because Scout has a high temper, she picks fights not only in her street but a t school. For example, she beats up Walter Cunningham for not having his lunch, without any worthy reason to beat him up, and finds joy i n doing so. I think she picks these fights, as she is very proud and doesn't like it when people speak ill of her or he r family, Atticus in particular . " C atching Walter C unningham i n the school yard gav e me some pleasure, but when I was rubbing his nose in the dirt, Jem came by and told me to stop" . Atticus highly disapproves of Scout doing such things, saying that she is "too old and too big for such a childish thing" , but Scout can't help it sometimes. As her schooling goes on, she gets constantly more frustrated in class as the curriculum moves far to slow for her liking. At Christmas, the finches go to Atticus's sisters place, finch landing. Scout doesn't like her and Jem's Aunt as she wants Scout to be a lady, and is often making poor remarks about Scout and Atticus about how she should act more like a lady. At Christmas, Alexand ers grandson, Francis Hancock, and Scout had a

World Trade Organisation Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

World Trade Organisation Law - Essay Example Since 1947, many General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) panel reports proposed that "the burden of establishing a violation under Article XXIII: 1(a) of the GATT 1947 was on the complaining party"2. "As early as 1952, in Treatment by Germany of Imports of Sardines, concerning a complaint by Norway, the panel clearly put the burden of establishing a violation of the GATT 1947 obligations at issue on the complaining party."3 Many other panel reports followed to confirm this proposition. In 1978, in EEC - Measures on Animal Feed Proteins, the 1992 report in Canada - Import, Distribution and Sale of Certain Alcoholic Drinks by Provincial Marketing Agencies and the 1994 report in United States - Measures Affecting the Importation, Internal Sale and Use of Tobacco. Nevertheless, it is the 1997 panel report United States - Measures Affecting Imports of Woven Wool Shirts and Blouses from India which under the GATT 1994 constitutes the reference in the Burden of Proof issue and confirm ed that it is the complainant who should bring the proper pieces of evidence in order to prove his complaint. We will try in the following essay to explain the different rules that guide the admission, submitting and admissibility of evidence, and we will focus on the current system of Burden of Proof by analyz... Subsequently, and still at the same meeting, the party against which the complaint has been brought shall be asked to present its point of view."4 In the idea of the complainant having to show Burden of Proof, it is his duty to present the necessary evidence to prove his case. The complainant is the first party invited to do so and then the other party, the respondent, will have the possibility to present its own evidence. The evidences are usually presented at the first substantive meeting in order to build the case. This is the usual conduct of the dispute settlement procedure. Nevertheless, in Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes5, we are presented the Argentina - Textiles and Apparel dispute where Argentina has argued in his appeal that evidence should not have been accepted after this first substantive meeting and that it was inconsistent with Article 11 of the DSU. Argentina requested the evidence to be rejected but the Panel replied that it gave sufficient time to Argentina in order to prepare for this new submission. It finally stated: Article11 of the DSU does not establish time limits for the submission of evidence to a panel. Article12.1 of the DSU directs a panel to follow the Working Procedures set out in Appendix 3 of the DSU, but at the same time authorizes a panel to do otherwise after consulting the parties to the dispute. The Working Procedures in Appendix 3 also do not establish precise deadlines for the presentation of evidence by a party to the dispute. It is true that the Working Procedures 'do not prohibit' submission of additional evidence after the first